The Administrative Process
                                    Prepared for the Virtual College at Fort Hays State University

                                        You may contact me in the following ways:
                                         by phone: (785) 628-4467, -4425
                                         via e-mail: amorin@fhsu.edu
                                         by fax: (785) 628-4162
                                         or a personal visit to Rarick Hall 315

    We will start our study of the administrative process by looking at the administrator and her office (Part One). Then we will look at the administrator's organization (Part Two). Following this we will look at the relation between the administrator's organization and its environment (Part Three).  If you are taking this course for graduate credit, you must complete all of the assignments outlined below plus write a research paper.  Additionally, if you are taking this course in the summer, it is expected that you will complete the research paper after the summer session is over - two months is not enough time to complete all the assignments and do an acceptable job on a research paper. Click here for more instructions regarding the research paper.

  REQUIRED TEXTS = also click here for a bibliography on administration and management, click  here for a bibliography on bureaucracy, and click  here for a bibliography on policy analysis.

     Ammons, David N. 2001. Municipal Benchmarks  Assessing Local Performance and Establishing Community Standards, Second Edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
     Steven J. Cann. 2001. Administrative Law, Third Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Or Kenneth Warren. 2004. Administrative Law in the Political System, 4th edition. Westview Press. ISBN: 0-8133-4116-7
     A.J. Chopra. 1999. Managing the People Side of Innovation  8 Rules for Engaging Minds and Hearts. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
    Charldean Newell, ed. 2004. The Effective Local Government Manager, Third Edition. Washington, D.C.: ICMA. You may also be interested in Douglas J. Watson and Wendy Lynn Hassett. 2003. Local Government Management  Current Issues and Best Practices. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1127-9
     Mark G. Popovich, ed. 1998. Creating High-Performance Government Organizations  A Practical Guide for Public Managers. Alliance for Redesigning Government.  San Francisco:  Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers. Comments: useful.
     James E. Swiss. 1991. Public Management Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Potential titles for future use:

    Robert Agranoff. date? Managing within Networks  Adding Value to Public Organizations. Public Management and Change Series. Georgetown University Press.
    Julia Beckett and Heidi O. Koenig, eds. 2005. Public Administration and Law. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1543-6  Articles from PAR.
    Evan M. Berman. 2006. Performance and Productivity in Public and Nonprofit Organizations. second edition. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
    Anthony M. Betelli and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr. 2006. Madison's Managers  Public Administration and the Constitution. The Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN: 0-8018-8319-9
    James S. Bowman, Jonathan P. West, Evan M. Berman, and Montgomery Van Wart. 2004. The Professional Edge  Competencies in Public Service. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1146-5
    Terry F. Buss, F. Stevens Redburn, and Kristina Guo. eds. 2006. Modernizing Democracy: Innovations in Citizen Participation. M.E. Sharpe.
    Kathe Callahan. 2007. Elements of Effective Governance: Measurement, Accountability and Participation. CRC Press.
    Phillip J. Cooper. 2003. Governing By Contract: Challenges and Opportunities for Public Managers. CQ Press.
    Janet V. Denhardt and Robert B. Denhardt. 2007. The New Public Service: Serving, not Steering, expanded edition. M.E. Sharpe.
    Robert B. Denhardt and Janet v. Denhardt. 2006. The Dance of Leadership  The Art of Leading in Business, Government, and Society. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-0959-2
    Robert E. Denton, Jr. 2005. Moral Leadership and The American Presidency. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. ISBN: 0-7425-3948
    Marc Allen Eisner, Jeff Worsham, and Evan J. Ringquist. 2006. Contemporary Regulatory Policy. 2nd Edition. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
    Patria de Lancer Julnes, Frances Stokes Berry, Kaifeng yang, and Maria P. Aristigueta, eds. August 2007. International Handbook of Practice-BAsed Performance Management. Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-4129-4012-2
    Robert Klitgaard and Paul C. Light, eds. 2005. High-Performance Government  Structure, Leadership, Incentives. RAND Inc.
    Yong S. Lee and David H. Rosenbloom. 2005. A Reasonable Public Servant  Constitutional Foundations of Administrative Conduct in the United States. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1645-9  
    Evan M. Berman. 2006. Performance and Productivity in Public and Nonprofit Organizations, Second Edition. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1608-4
    Bowman, West, Berman, and Van Wart. 2004. The Professional Edge  Competencies in Public Service. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1146-5   
    Janet Vinzant Denhardt, Robert B. Denhardt. 2002. The New Public Service  Serving, not Steering. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-0846-4
    William D. Eggers. 2005. Government 2.0  Using Technology to Improve Education, Cut Red Tape, Reduce Gridlock, and Enhance Democracy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN: 0-7425-4175-4
    Ali Farazmand and Jack Pinkowski. 2006. Handbook of Globalization, Governance, and Public Administration. Taylor & Francis Group: CRC Press. ISBN: 978-0-8493-3729-0. $139.00
    David John Farmer. 2005. To Kill the King  Post-Traditional Governance and Bureaucracy. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1481-2
    Richard M. Flanagan. 2004. Mayors and the Challenge of Urban Leadership. University Press of America, Inc. ISB: 0-7618-2895-8
    David G. Frederickson and H. George Frederickson. 2006. Measuring the Performance of the Hollow State. Georgetown University Press.  ISBN: 1-58901-119-8
    Charles Garofalo and Dean Geuras. 2006. Common Ground, Common Future  Moral Agency in Public Administration, Professions, and Citizenship. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN: 0-82475-337-2
    Alan M. Glassman, Deone Zell, Shari Duron. 2005. Thinking Strategically in Turbulent Times  An Inside View of Strategy Making. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1252-6
    Robert T. Golembiewski. 2003. Ironies in Organizational Development, Second Edition. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN: 0-8247-0807-5
    Darrin Grimsey and Mervy K. Lewis, eds. 2005. The Economics of Public Private Partnerships. Edward Elgar. ISBN: 1-84379-249-8
    Harry P. Hatry. 2007. Performance Measurement: Getting Results, Second Edition. Urban Institute Press.
    Graeme Hodge and Carsten Greve, eds. 2005. The Challenge of Public-Private Partnerships  Learning from International Experience. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN: 1-84376-509-8
    Marc Holzer and Seok-Hwan Lee. 2004. Public Productivity Handbook, second edition. CRC Press.
    Arnold M. Howitt and Herman B. Leonard, eds. February 2008 (expected). Managing Criese: Responses to Large-Scale Emergencies. CQ Press.
    Patricia W. Ingraham and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., Editors. 2004. The Art of Governance  Analyzing Management and Administration. Georgetown University Press. ISBN: 1-58901-034-5
    Jameel Jaffer and Amrit Singh. November 2007. Administration of Torture: A Documentary Record from Washingto to Abu Ghraib and Beyond. Columbia University Press. ISBN: 978-0231-14052-2
    Bill Jenkins and Edward C. Page, eds. 2005. The Foundations of Bureaucracy in Economics and Social Thought, two volumes. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN: 1-84064-015-4
    Olga Kaganova and James McKellar, eds. 2006. Managing Government Property Assets: International Experiences. Uurban Insitute Press.

    Donald F. Kettl and James W. Fesler. 2005. The Politics of the Administrative Process, third edition. CQ Press.
    Cheryl Simrell King and Lisa Zanetti. 2005. Transformational Public Service  Portraits of Theory in Practice.  M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-0948-7
    Yong S. Lee and David H. Rosenbloom. 2005. A Reasonable Public Servant  Constitutional Foundations of Administrative Conduct in the United States. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1645-9
    Young S. Lee, with David H. Rosenbloom. 2005. A Reasonable Public Servant: Constitutional Foundations of Administrative Conduct in the United States. M.E. Sharpe.
    Kelly LeRoux, ed. Service Contracting: A Local Government Guide, second edition. 2007. ICMA.
    David Levi-Faur and Eran Vigoda-Gadot. 2005. International Public Policy and Management: Policy Learning Beyond Regional, Cultural, and Political Boundaries. CRC Press.
    Thomas D. Lynch and Peter L. Cruise. 2006. Handbook of Organization Theory and Management  The Philosophical Approach, 2nd Edition. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN: 0-8493-9834-4
    Robert Maranto. 2005. Beyond a Government of Strangers  How Career Executives and Political Appointees Can Turn Conflict into Cooperation. Lexington Books. ISBN: 0-7391-1090-x
    David E. McNabb. 2007. Knowledge Management in the Public Sector: A Blueprint for Innovation in Government. M.E. Sharpe.
    Kenneth J. Meier and Laurence J. O'Toole, Jr. 2006. Bureaucracy in a Democratic State A Governance Perspective. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN: 0-8018-8357-1
    Donald C. Menzel. 2007. Ethics Management for Public Administrators: Building Organizations of Integrity. M.E. Sharpe.
    Dinae Metzendorf. 2005. The Evolution of Feminist Organizations  An Organizational Study. University Press of America. ISBN: 0-7618-2929-6
    Hugh T. Miller and Charles A. Fox. 2006. Postmodern Public Administration, revised edition. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1705-6
    John B. Miner. 2005. Organizational Behavior 1: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1524-x
    John B. Miner. 2006. Organizational Behavior 2: Essential Theories of Process and Structure. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-15256-6
    John B. Miner. 2006. Organizational Behavior 3: Historical Origins, Theoretical Foundations, and the Future. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1527-4
    Goktug Morcol. 2007. Handbook of Decision Making. CRC Press.

    Gareth Morgan. 1996. Images of Organization. SAGE. ISBN: 0-7619-0634-7
    Ricardo Morse, Terry F. Buss, and Morgan Kinghorn, eds. 2007. Transforming Public Leadership for the 21st Century. M.E. Sharpe.
    Rosemary O'Leary. 2006. The Ethics of Dissent  Managing Guerrila Government. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. ISBN: 1-933116-60-9
    David Parker and David Saal, eds. 2005. International Handbook on Privatization. Edward Elgar. ISBN: 1-84542-281-3
    Beryl Radin. 2006. Challenging the Peformance Movement  Accountability, Complexity, and Democratic Values. Georgetown University Press. ISBN: 1-58901-091-4
    R.A.W. Rhodes, Sarah A. Binder, and Bert. A. Rockman, eds. 2006. The Oxfor Handbook of Political Institutions. Oxford University Press.   
    Meshack M. Sagini. 2006. Strategic Planning and Management in Public Organizations  Behavior in Organizations. University Press of America. ISBN: 0-7618-3239-4
    Ronald R. Sims and Scott A. Quatro, eds. 2005. New Leadership  Succeeding in the Private, Public, and Not-for-Profit Sectors. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1430-8
    Alan Walter Steiss, editor. 2003. Strategic Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN: 0-8247-0874-1
    Carl W. Stenberg, ed. 2007. Managing Local Government Services: A Practical Guide. ICMA Press.
    Bob Stone. 2004. Confessions of a Civil Servant  Lessons in Changing America's Government and Military. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN: 0-7425-2765-4
    Richard Sylves. January 2008 (expected). Disaster Policy and Politics: Emergency Management and Homeland Security. CQ Press.
    Philip E. Tetlock. 2006. Expert Political Judgment  How Good Is It?  How Can We Know? Princeton University Press. ISBN: 0-691-12871-5
    Conor Vibert. 2004. Theories of Macro-Organizational Behavior  A Handbook of Ideas and Explanations. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1295-x
    Eran Vigoda-Gadot and Aaron Cohen, eds. 2004. Citizenship and Management in Public Administration  Integrating Behavioral Theories and Managerial Thinking. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN: 1-84376-498-9
    Montgomery Van Wart. 2005. Dynamics of Leadership in Public Service  Theory and Practice. M.E. Sharpe.
    Montgomery Van Wart, with Paul Suino. 2007. Leadership in Public Organizations: An Introduction. M.E. Sharpe.
    Douglas J. Watson and Wendy L. Hassett. 2003. Local Government Management  Current Issues and Best Practices. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1128-7
    Jonathan P. West and Evan M. Berman, eds. 2006. The Ethics Edge, 2nd ed. ISBN: 0-87326-710-9
    Jay D. White. 2007. Managing Information in the Public Sector. M.E. Sharpe.

   OTHER TITLES OF INTEREST

     Guy B. Adams and Danny L. Balfour. 1998. Unmasking Administrative Evil. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.  Commentary: great idea, but not well executed.    
    James S. Bowman, Jonathan P. West. Evan M. Berman, and Montgomery Van Wart. 2004. The Professional Edge  Competencies in Public Service. M.E.Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1146-5
    Richard C. Box. 2004. Public Administration and Society  Critical Issues in American Governance. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-0825-1
    Brian J. Cook. 1006. Bureaucracy and Self-Government  Reconsidering the Role of Public Administration in American Politics. The Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN: 0-8018-5410-5
    Phillip J. Cooper. 2003. Governing by Contract  Challenges and Opportunities for Public Managers. C.Q. Press.
    Janet Vinzant Denhardt and Robert B. Denhardt. 2002. The New Public Service  Service, Not Steering. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-0846-4
    Robert B. Denhardt. 1993. The Pursuit of Significance  Strategies for Managerial Success in Public Organizations. Waveland Press. Easy to read.
    Elaine Draper. 2005. The Company Doctor  Risk, Responsibility, and Corporate Professionalism. Russell Sage. ISBN: 0-87154-290-0
    Doris Graber. 2002. The Power of Communication  Managing Information in Public Organizations. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
     Richard N. Haass. 1999. The Bureaucratic Entrepreneur  How to be Effective in Any Unruly Organization. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Commentary: easy reading, useful hints.  Fits in a discussion of political environments.
    Robert T. Golembiewski and Jerry G. Stevenson. 1998. Cases and Applications in Non-Profit Management. Thompson Wadsworth. ISBN: 0-87581-412-30
    William T. Gormley, Jr., Steven J. Balla. 2004. Bureaucracy and Democracy  Accountability and Performance. C.Q. Press.
    Marc Holzer and Kathe Callahan. 1998. Government at Work  Best Practices and Model Programs. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Comments: stand-alone chapters, contains many examples.
    Christopher Hood. 1998. The Art of the State  Culture, Rhetoric, and Public Management. Oxford University Press.
    Patricia W. Ingraham, Philip G. Joyce, and Amy Kneedler Donahue. 2003. Government Performance  Why Management Matters. The Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN: 0-8018-7228-6
    William C. Johnson. 2004. Public Administration  Partnerships in Public Service, 3rd Edition. Waveland Press. ISBN: 1-57766-312-8
    Cornelius M.Kerwin. 2003. Rulemaking  How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy, Third Edition. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.  Comments: can be difficult, but a useful study of rule-making.
    Anne M. Khademian. 2002. Working With Culture  The Way the Job Gets Done in Public Programs. C.Q. Press.
    Robert Klitgaard and Paul C. Light, eds. 2005. High-Performance Government  Structure, Leadership, Incentives. RAND. ISBN: 0-8330-3740-4
    Poul Erik Mouritzen and James H. Svara. 2002. Leadership at the Apex Politicians and Administrators in Western Local Governments. University of Pittsburgh Press.
    Charles Perrow. 1986. Complex Organizations  A Critical Essay, Third Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
    Beryl A. Radin. 2002. The Accountable Juggler  The Art of Leadership in a Federal Agency. C.Q. Press. [Department of Health and Human Services]
    Mitchell F. Rice, ed. 2004. Diversity and Public Administration  Theory, Issues, and Perspectives, revised edition. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 0-7656-1432-4
     Lester Salamon. 2001. The New Governance Handbook. Oxford University Press.
    Jay M. Shafritz. 2004. The Dictionary of Public Policy and Administration. Westview Press. ISBN: 0-8133-4350-0
    Bernard S. Silberman. 1993. Cages of Reason  The Rise and Fall of the Rational State in France, Japan, the United States, and Great Britain. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
    Thomas H. Stanton and Benjamin Ginsberg, eds. 2004. Making Government Manageable  Executive Organization and Management in the Twenty-First Century. The Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN: 0-8018-7832-2

    W. Kip Viscusi, ed. 2002. Regulation Through Litigation. AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies. ISBN: 0-8157-0609-x
     Kenneth F. Warren. 1997. Administrative Law in the Political System, Abridged Third Edition.  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Comments: Warren's book provides a 'social science' framework missing in Cann's book, but it does not include selections from court cases (probably because it is abridged).
     Janet Coble Vinzant and Lane Crothers. 1998. Street-level Leadership  Discretion and Legitimacy in Front-line Public Service. Georgetown University Press. Comments: has some good insights and case studies but not as tightly written as it could be.

See the National Certified Public Manager Consortium at http://www.cpmconsortium.org/

How grades will be calculated

 90%-100% of total points          = A
between 82.999% and 90%        = B
between 72.999% and 83%        = C
between 62.999% and 73%        = D
below 63%                                 = U

You are encouraged to participate in the 'virutal discussion group' (VDG) - a listserv that will be set up for students in the class.  Students who participate in the VDG at least three times a week will earn 2,000 points.  You are invited to use the VDG as a vehicle to discuss assignments, or to discuss ideas, issues, or questions (perhaps part of a book wasn't exactly clear and you want to ask others how they understood that part) pertaining to the class.

PLAGIARISM OR CHEATING IS SUFFICIENT GROUNDS FOR RECEIVING A FAILING GRADE IN THIS COURSE.  For FHSU's policy on Academic Honesty, click here.
 

       PART I - You and your office.

1. An analysis of you.
         Assignment #1.  Write an essay in which you consider the following: (a) How is your physical appearance
         and comportment viewed by your co-workers? (b) Do your appearance and comportment have an effect
         on the way in which your co-workers respond to you? (c) What would happen if your appearance and
         comportment were changed significantly? Worth 100 points.

2. Managing time.
        Assignment #2: What are the pros and cons of
            (a) using a daily planner?
            (b) using a rolodex? a card file?
            (c) using a monthly calendar?  a yearly calendar?
            (d) each day, on a three-by-five card, listing the ten things you will accomplish?
            (e) using a phone log?
            (f) a filing cabinet?
      Can you think of other techniques/ways used to manage time?
      Worth 100 points.

3. An analysis of your office.
         Assignment #3. Write an essay in which you (a) provide a diagram your office and its contents, and
         (b) answer the following questions: What does your office say about you?  Does it say what you want
         it to say? If so, why? If not, can your office be re-arranged? If you were to re-arrange your office,
         what would you change and why? Worth 100 points.

4. The range and scope of your responsibilities.
         Assignment #4.  Using the following, find out the range and scope of your responsibilities:
            (a) the organizational chart of the organization in which you work
            (b) the organization's mission and vision statements (if they exist)
            (c) your position description
            (d) the expectations of your subordinates, peers, and superordinates
            (e) what others expect of you
            (f) the amount of discretion you have in deterimining what you do
         Worth 100 points.
 

      PART II - Your organization

5. Discovering your organization.
         Assignment #5. Write up an analysis of the organization in which you work by looking at:
            (a) the organizational chart
            (b) how personnel, money, technology, and information are distributed
            (c) organizational culture (the values, beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, mottos, and architecture that create
                 a common identity among the workers in the organization)
            (d) the relations between 'bosses' and 'workers'
            (e) the relations between line (those who do) and staff (those who help)
            (f) the importance of reputation, speciality, skill, and education
            (g) what the employees do with their time while at work
            (h) what employees take pride in; what they complain about
            (i) rumors
            (j) the relation between your organization and those affected by it or who are seeking to influence it.
      Worth 400 points.

6. Managing your organization - the Swiss book.

Assignment #6. Read chapters one and two in Swiss. Complete complete problems one and two in the "Motor Pool" portion of Case 2-3 on page 55 of Swiss. Worth 100 points.

Assignment #7. Read chapter three in Swiss. Complete all three problems in Case 3-1 on pages 97 and 98 of Swiss. Worth 100 points.

Assignment #8. Read chapter four in Swiss. Complete all three problems in Case 4-1 on pages 121 and 122 of Swiss. Worth 100 points.

Assignment #9. Read chapter five in Swiss; look at Ammons. Complete all six problems in Case 5-1 on page 159 of Swiss. Worth 200 points.

Assignment #10. Read chapter six in Swiss. Complete all five problems in Case 6-1 on pages 193 and 194 of Swiss.Worth 200 points.

Assignment #11. Read chapter seven in Swiss. Complete all five problems in Case 7-1 on pages 232 and 233 of Swiss. Worth 200 points.

Assignment #12. Read chapter eight in Swiss. Complete all four problems in Case 8-1 on pages 269 and 270 of Swiss. Worth 100 points.

Assignment #13. Read Chopra.  Turn in a one-page outline of each chapter.  Worth 50 points each.

Assignment #14. Read chapter nine in Swiss. Complete all three problems in Case 9-1 on pages 304 and 305 of Swiss. Worth 100 points.

Assignment #15. Read chapter ten in Swiss. Answer questions 2, 4, and the first part of 5 on pages 322 and 323 of Swiss. Worth 100 points.

Assignment #16. Read chapter eleven in Swiss. Complete all four problems in Case 11-1 on pages 344 and 345 of Swiss; respond to Case 11-3 on page 346 of Swiss. Worth 200 points.

          BONUS POINTS. Select four benchmarks discussed by Ammons, go to your city or county government
          and see whether they use those, or any, benchmarks.  For each of the benchmarks, write a two-page
          commentary in which you briefly explain the benchmark then discuss how the city or county is doing
          with regard to that benchmark.  Worth 200 points each.

8. Read the Popovich book.
          Assignment #18. Turn in a one-page outline of each chapter of the book.  Worth 50 points each.

          BONUS POINTS. See if your city or county (a) has a mission statement, (b) uses performance
          budgeting, and (c) funds, sponsors, or encourages training for its employees.  Write up your results.
          Worth 600 points.
 

       PART 3 - Your political environment

7. Assignment #19. Write an essay on the political environment of your organization: which organizations,
    agencies, interest groups, individuals, etc. try to influence what your organization does, and how do they
    exercise that influence?  Don't forget a consideration of legislative bodies!  Worth 300 points.

8. Read the Cann book.
          Assignment #20. Turn in a one-page outline of each chapter of the book.  Worth 50 points each.

          BONUS POINTS. Turn in an outline of any three court cases appearing in the Cann book.
          Worth 100 points each.

9. Read the Newell book.
          Assignment #21.  Turn in a one-page outline of each chapter of the book.  Worth 50 points each.

10. If you are taking this course for graduate credit:
     Turn in a research paper.  The research paper should be at least 20 pages in length and have at
      least 20 sources.  Use quote marks when quoting; use citations for quotes, paraphrases, or
      when using material that you found during your research project.  Failure to do this could result
      in a zero for the research paper.  Each source cited in your paper must appear in your "References"
      pages; each source appearing on your "References" must be cited in your paper.  Your research
      paper can be on any issue or problem of concern to an administrator in the public or non-profit
      sector.  Make sure that your introductory paragraph clearly states the paper topic and indicates
      how that topic will be addressed.  Make sure to have a strong concluding paragraph.
      Worth 5,000 points.

             ==============================================

Last revised: 8-01-2001; 1-8-03; 4-4-03; 4-15-03; Oct '04; 12-23-04; 2-28-05; March, April, June, September 2005; Jan & June 2006; Jan, Feb, Sept & Oct 2007.