The literature on the mussels (Mollusca: Margaritiferidae and Unionidae) of Kansas includes a collection of names of species and subspecies that makes it difficult for even experienced malacologists to decipher which taxa actually were collected. Compounding this problem is the absence of voucher specimens for some of the studies conducted in the state. It is hoped that this list will aid those who are conducting research and want to assess their results with reference to the earlier accounts.

To accomplish this, the index can be useful in two ways. You can take the currently accepted name of a taxon to check for publications that included that name (listed under the name). Also listed are taxa that represent probable synonyms or assumed misidentifications (under "Synonyms"). Entries for each of these names will provide additional references that referred to the species by these other names. You also can start with the name of a taxon from one of the published references and find that name in the list. This will provide you with a scientific name that is currently recommended. Without checking voucher specimens, it is assumed that the author was referring to this species. Preferred common names are given with entries for the currently accepted scientific names.

This alphabetical list of valid taxa, synonyms, and assumed misidentifications of freshwater mussels of Kansas is drawn from the literature and not an examination of specimens. The primary references used to provide probable synonyms were those by Burch (1975), Cope (1979), Murray and Leonard (1962), and Oesch (1984). R. Angelo (Kansas Department of Health and Environment), W. Busby (Kansas Biological Survey), C. Cope and E. Miller (Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks), D. Distler and D. Bleam (Wichita State University), D. Mulhern (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), and B. Obermeyer (Emporia State University) reviewed the register, and they offered corrections and helpful suggestions. Comments made by Call (1885-1887) and Isely (1925) in their publications also were used, as were additional references noted in the list.

Recommended names of species and probable distributions of species in Kansas were taken from the summaries by Turgeon et al. (1988) and Williams et al. (1993). Scientific and common names of species assumed to be extant or extirpated members of the Kansas fauna (44 species in the 1994 list; 48 in 2008) are highlighted in bold print.

Within the list, an equals sign (=) indicates that the first name given is not recognized as a valid taxon and is a synonym of the second name given. In some instances, a misidentification is assumed, with the second (or third) name given likely representing the specimen collected in Kansas. Explanatory comments accompany several of these entries.

Studies continue to be published on the unionid mussels of Kansas, which prompts electronic revisions to this list. Of particular note is the summary by Angelo et al. (2009) of historical distributions and conservation status of the 48 recognized species of freshwater mussels in Kansas. Most species are declining as their aquatic habitats are altered. Also worthy of mention is the guide to Kansas mussels beautifully illustrated by Karen Couch (1997). The color illustrations are an invaluable aid in the identification of species in this group.

The index below is provided to help you navigate this long annotated list.
    Instructions: The letters refer to the first letters of the names of genera applied to Kansas mussels.
                          Clicking on the letter will take you to the first entry for the genus or group of genera that begins with
                                that letter.
                          Even if you scroll up or down, clicking the "back" button of your browser should return you to this index.
                          You also may use the "Find in page" command in the "Edit" pull-down menu of your browser to quickly
                                locate a taxon.

A / C / D / E / F / L / M / O / P / Q / S / T / Unio / U / V
Kansas References / Regional-General References

Actinonaias carinata (Barnes) = Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck) or possibly misidentified Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson
                See comments under Actinonaias ligamentina.
        Branson (1966a, 1966c)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Schuster (1979)
Actinonaias ellipsiformis (Conrad) = Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Conrad)
        DuBois (1981)
Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck), MUCKET [might be misidentified Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson]
            Specimens from the Neosho/Spring river (Arkansas River) drainage could be either species (see Mulhern et al., 2002).
            Specimens from the Missouri River drainage are probably A. ligamentina.
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Dorsey (2000)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Mulhern et al. (2002)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Tiemann (2006)
            Synonyms:
                Actinonaias carinata (Barnes)
                Actinonaias ligamentina carinata (Barnes)
                Lampsilis ligamentina (Lamarck)
                Lampsilis ligamentina gibba Simpson
                Lampsilis powellii (I. Lea)
                Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson
                Unio ligamentina Lamarck
                Unio powellii Lea
Actinonaias ligamentina carinata (Barnes) = A. ligamentina (Lamarck) or possibly misidentified Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson
            See comments under Actinonaias ligamentina.
        Cope (1985)
Alasmidonta marginata Say, ELKTOE
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Branson (1966a, 1966c)
        Cope (1979, 1985)
        Distler and Bleam (1987)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
Alasmidonta viridis (Rafinesque), SLIPPERSHELL MUSSEL
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Bleam and Distler (1996)
Amblema costata Rafinesque = Amblema plicata (Say)
        Branson (1966a, 1966c)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Wedel (1959)
Amblema peruviana (Lamarck) = Amblema plicata (Say)
        Branson (1966b)
Amblema plicata (Say), THREERIDGE
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        DuBois (1981)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Miller and Mosher (2008)
        Mosher (2007)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Amblema costata Rafinesque
                Amblema peruviana (Lamarck)
                Crenodonta peruviana (Lamarck)
                Quadrula perplicata (Conrad)
                Quadrula plicata (Say)
                Quadrula undulata (Barnes)
                Unio plicata Say
                Unio undulatus Barnes
Anodonta arkansasensis I. Lea = probably misidentified Strophitus undulatus (Say)
            Villosa arkansasensis (I. Lea), OUACHITA CREEKSHELL, occurs only in Arkansas and Oklahoma (Williams et al. 1993).
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Anodonta bealii I. Lea = Pyganodon grandis (Say)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1887)
Anodonta danielsii I. Lea = Pyganodon grandis (Say)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
        Scammon (1906)
Anodonta decora I. Lea = Pyganodon grandis (Say)
        Call (1887)
Anodonta dejecta Lewis = Pyganodon grandis (Say)?
        Call (1887)
Anodonta edentula Say = Strophitus undulatus (Say)
        Call (1885d, 1886, 1887) [as A. edentulata]
Anodonta ferussaciana I. Lea = Anodontoides ferussacianus (I. Lea)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1887) [as Anodonta ferrussacianus]
Anodonta grandis Say = Pyganodon grandis (Say)
        Branson (1966a, 1966b, 1966c)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Clark and Gillette (1911)
        Cope (1983a, 1983b, 1985)
        DuBois (1981)
        Eberle, Ernsting, and Tomelleri (1986)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Isely (1925)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Leonard (1943)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1966, 1970)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Popenoe (1885)
        Scammon (1906)
        Schuster (1978, 1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Wedel (1959)
Anodonta imbecillis Say = Utterbackia imbecillis Say
        Branson (1966c)
        Call (1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Cope (1983a, 1983b, 1985)
        DuBois (1981)
        Eberle, Ernsting, and Tomelleri (1986)
        Hoke (1996)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Scammon (1906)
        Schuster (1978, 1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
Anodonta opaca I. Lea = Pyganodon grandis (Say)
        Scammon (1906)
Anodonta ovata I. Lea = Pyganodon grandis (Say)
        Call (1885c, 1885d)
Anodonta plana I. Lea = Pyganodon grandis (Say)
        Call (1885b, 1885d, 1887)
Anodonta suborbiculata Say, FLAT FLOATER
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Call (1885c, 1885d)
        Cope (1979, 1983b)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Scammon (1906)
        Schuster (1978)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
Anodontoides ferussacianus (I. Lea), CYLINDRICAL PAPERSHELL
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Cope (1979)
        Dorsey (2000)
        Eberle, Ernsting, and Tomelleri (1986)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Scammon (1906)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Tiemann (2006)
            Synonyms:
                Anodonta ferussaciana I. Lea
Arcidens confragosus (Say), ROCK-POCKETBOOK
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Cope (1979)
        Hoke (1996)
        Mulhern et al. (2002)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
Carunculina parva (Barnes) = Toxolasma parvus (Barnes)
        Branson (1966c)
        DuBois (1981)
        Eberle, Ernsting, and Tomelleri (1986)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Schuster (1978, 1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Wedel (1959)
Crenodonta peruviana (Lamarck) [and subspecies] = Amblema plicata (Say)
        Branson (1966c)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
Cumberlandia monodonta (Say), SPECTACLECASE
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Mulhern et al. (2002)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
Cyclonaias tuberculata (Rafinesque), PURPLE WARTYBACK
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Mulhern et al. (2002)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Murray and Leonard (1962) and Oesch (1984) listed Unio tuberculata Barnes as a synonym of Tritogonia verrucosa Rafinesque.
Cyprogenia aberti (Conrad), WESTERN FANSHELL
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Branson (1966b)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1979, 1983a, 1985)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Scammon (1906) [as C. alberti]
        Schuster (1979)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
               Unio aberti Conrad
               Unio popenoi Call
Dysnomia triquetra (Rafinesque) = Epioblasma triquetra (Rafinesque)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
Ellipsaria lineolata (Rafinesque), BUTTERFLY
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Cope (1979)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Mulhern et al. (2002)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Plagiola lineolata (Rafinesque)
                Plagiola securis (Lea)
                Unio securis Lea
Elliptio dilatata (Rafinesque), SPIKE
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Branson (1966a, 1966b, 1966c) [as E. dilatatus]
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        DuBois (1981)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977) [as E. dilatatus]
        Murray and Leonard (1962) [as E. dilatatus]
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979) [as E. dilatatus]
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wedel (1959) [as E. dilatatus]
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Unio gibbosus Barnes
Epioblasma triquetra (Rafinesque), SNUFFBOX
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Tiemann (2006)
            Synonyms:
                Dysnomia triquetra (Rafinesque)
                Plagiola triquetra (Rafinesque)
                Truncilla triquetra Rafinesque
Fusconaia ebena (I. Lea), EBONYSHELL
            This species has been reported from the eastern United States, including Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri.
            It has not been documented as occurring in Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
            It has been reported from Kansas by the synonyms given below, but the identity of these specimens is unknown.
            Synonyms:
                Quadrula ebenus (I. Lea)
                Quadrula plena (I. Lea)
                Unio ebana I. Lea
                Unio plenus I. Lea
Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque), WABASH PIGTOE
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Branson (1966a, 1966b, 1966c)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        DuBois (1981)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Quadrula rubiginosa (I. Lea)
                Quadrula trigona (I. Lea)
                Unio negatus I. Lea
                Unio rubiginosa I. Lea
                Unio trigonus I. Lea
Fusconaia ozarkensis (Call), OZARK PIGTOE
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Cope (1985)
Lampsilis alatus (Say) = Potamilus alatus (Say)
        Scammon (1906) [as L. alata]
Lampsilis anodontoides (I. Lea) = Lampsilis teres (Rafinesque)
        Branson (1966a, 1966c)
        Clark and Gillette (1911)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Isely (1925)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Scammon (1906)
        Wedel (1959)
Lampsilis anodontoides fallaciosa Smith = Lampsilis teres (Rafinesque)
        Branson (1966c)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque), PLAIN POCKETBOOK
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        Hoke (2004, 2005)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis ovata Say
                Lampsilis ovata ventricosa (Barnes)
                Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes)
                Lampsilis ventricosa occidens (I. Lea)
                Lampsilis ventricosa satura (I. Lea)
                Unio occidens I. Lea
                Unio satur I. Lea
                Unio ventricosus Barnes
Lampsilis ellipsiformis (Conrad) = Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Conrad)
        Scammon (1906)
Lampsilis fallaciosa (Smith) = Lampsilis teres (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
        Wedel (1959)
Lampsilis gracilis (Barnes) = Leptodea fragilis (Rafinesque)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Lampsilis higginsi (I. Lea) = Lampsilis abrupta (Say)
            These species are not documented from Kansas (Williams et al. 1993). See Oesch (1984:218-219).
            The identity of specimens reported from Kansas is unknown.
        Scammon (1906) [as L. higgensii]
Lampsilis laevissima (I. Lea) = Potamilus ohiensis (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
Lampsilis leptodon (Rafinesque) = Leptodea leptodon (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
Lampsilis ligamentina (Lamarck) = Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck) or possibly misidentified Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson
            See comments under Actinonaias ligamentina.
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Lampsilis ligamentina gibba Simpson = Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck) or possibly misidentifed Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson
        Scammon (1906)
Lampsilis luteolus Simpson = Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes)
        Branson (1966a, 1966b, 1966c)
        Isely (1925) [as L. luteola (Lamarck)]
        Scammon (1906) [as L. luteola (Lamarck)]
Lampsilis ovata (Say), POCKETBOOK = possibly misidentified Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque)
            Lampsilis ovata occurs in the northeastern United States, but not in Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
        Branson (1966a, 1966c)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
Lampsilis ovata ventricosa (Barnes) = possibly misidentified Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque)
        DuBois (1981)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
Lampsilis parvus (Barnes) = Toxolasma parvus (Barnes)
        Isely (1925) [as L. parva]
        Scammon (1906) [as L. parva]
Lampsilis powelli (I. Lea) = possibly misidentified Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck) or Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson
            Lampsilis powelli (I. Lea), ARKANSAS FATMUCKET, occurs only in Arkansas (Williams et al. 1993).
            See comments under Actinonaias ligamentina.
        Cope (1985)
        Scammon (1906)
            Synonyms:
                Unio powellii I. Lea
Lampsilis purpuratus (Lamarck) = Potamilus purpuratus (Lamarck)
        Isely (1925) [as L. purpurata]
        Scammon (1906) [as L. purpurata]
Lampsilis radiata luteola (Lamarck) = Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes)
        Cope (1985)
        Hoke (1996, 1997)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea (Barnes) = Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson, NEOSHO MUCKET
            See discussion by Cope (1979:15-19).
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1979, 1983a, 1985)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Actinonaias carinata (Barnes)
                Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck)
                Actinonaias ligamentina carinata (Barnes)
                Lampsilis ligamentina (Lamarck)
                Lampsilis ligamentina gibba Simpson
                Lampsilis powelli (I. Lea)
                Unio ligamentina Lamarck
                Unio powellii Lea
Lampsilis rectus (Lamarck) = Ligumia recta (Lamarck)
        Isely (1925) [as L. recta]
        Scammon (1906) [as L. recta]
Lampsilis satur (I. Lea), SANDBANK POCKETBOOK
            Lampsilis satur occurs in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and elsewhere, but not in Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
            It has been reported from Kansas by the synonyms below, but these specimens are Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque).
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis ventricosa satura (I. Lea)
                Unio satur I. Lea
Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes), FATMUCKET
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam and Distler (1996)
        Branson (1966a)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Hoke (2004, 2005)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis luteolus Simpson
                Lampsilis radiata luteola (Lamarck)
                Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea (Barnes)
                Unio luteola Lamarck
Lampsilis subrostratus (Say) = Ligumia subrostrata (Say)
        Isely (1925) [as L. subrostrata]
        Scammon (1906) [as L. subrostrata]
Lampsilis teres (Rafinesque), YELLOW SANDSHELL
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        DuBois (1981)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1978, 1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis anodontoides (I. Lea)
                Lampsilis anodontoides fallaciosa Smith
                Lampsilis fallaciosa (Smith)
                Lampsilis teres anodontoides (I. Lea)
                Unio anodontoides (I. Lea)
Lampsilis teres anodontoides (I. Lea) = Lampsilis teres (Rafinesque)
        Cope (1983b, 1985)
        Hoke (1997)
Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes) = Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque)
        Branson (1966b)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Hoke (1996, 1997)
        Isely (1925)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Miller (1970)
        Miller (1992)
        Scammon (1906)
Lampsilis ventricosa occidens (I. Lea) = Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque)
        Kivett (1953)
        Wedel (1959)
Lampsilis ventricosa satura (I. Lea) = possibly misidentified Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque)
            Lampsilis satur (I. Lea), SANDBANK POCKETBOOK, does not occur in Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
        Scammon (1906)
            Synonyms:
                Unio satur I. Lea
Lasmigona complanata (Barnes), WHITE HEELSPLITTER
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Branson (1966b, 1966c)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1983b, 1985)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        DuBois (1981)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Kivett (1953)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1966, 1970)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1978, 1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Margaritana complanata Barnes
                Symphynota complanata (Barnes)
Lasmigona compressa (Lea), CREEK HEELSPLITTER
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Hoke (1996)
Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque), FLUTED-SHELL
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Branson (1966a, 1966c)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1979, 1985)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
            Synonyms:
                Margaritana rugosa (Barnes)
                Symphynota costata (Rafinesque)
Leptodea fragilis (Rafinesque), FRAGILE PAPERSHELL
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Branson (1966b, 1966c)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        DuBois (1981)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Hoke (1997, 2004, 2005)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis gracilis (Barnes)
                Unio gracilis Barnes
Leptodea laevissima (I. Lea) = Potamilus ohiensis (Rafinesque)
        Branson (1966c)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
Leptodea leptodon (Rafinesque), SCALESHELL
            Leptodea leptodon occurs in the eastern United States, including Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.
            It has not been confirmed from Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
            It has been reported from Kansas by the synonyms given below, but the identity of these specimens is unknown.
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis leptodon (Rafinesque)
                Unio tenuissimus I. Lea
Ligumia recta (Lamarck), BLACK SANDSHELL
        Angelo and Cringan (2003)
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Branson (1966a)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1979, 1985)
        DuBois (1981)
        Hoke (2004, 2005)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980)
        Miller (1966, 1970) [as Ligumia cf L. recta]
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis rectus (Lamarck)
                Ligumia recta latissima (Rafinesque)
                Unio recta Lamarck
Ligumia recta latissima (Rafinesque) = Ligumia recta (Lamarck)
        Branson (1966c)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
Ligumia subrostrata (Say), PONDMUSSEL
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam and Distler (1996)
        Branson (1966a, 1966b, 1966c)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        DuBois (1981)
        Eberle, Ernsting, and Tomelleri (1986)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1978, 1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis subrostratus (Say)
                Unio subrostratus Say
                Unio topekensis I. Lea
Margaritana complanata Barnes = Lasmigona complanata (Barnes)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Margaritana rugosa (Barnes) = Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque)
        Call (1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Megalonaias gigantea (Barnes) = Megalonaias nervosa (Rafinesque)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
Megalonaias nervosa (Rafinesque), WASHBOARD
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Cope (1983a)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Megalonaias gigantea (Barnes)
                Quadrula heros (Say)
                Unio multiplicatus I. Lea
Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque, THREEHORN WARTYBACK
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Isely (1925)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Scammon (1906)
        Schuster (1978, 1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Unio cornutus Barnes
Obovaria ellipsis (I. Lea) = Obovaria olivaria (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
Obovaria olivaria (Rafinesque), HICKORYNUT
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Cope (1979)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Hoke (1997, 2004, 2005)
        Kivett (1953)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Wedel (1959)
            Synonyms:
                Obovaria ellipsis (I. Lea)
                Unio ellipsis I. Lea
                Unio pealii I. Lea
Plagiola donaciformis (I. Lea) = Truncilla donaciformis (I. Lea)
        Baker (1909)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Plagiola elegans (I. Lea) = Truncilla truncata (Rafinesque)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Plagiola lineolata (Rafinesque) = Ellipsaria lineolata (Rafinesque)
        Cope (1983a)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
Plagiola securis (Lea) = Ellipsaria lineolata (Rafinesque)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Plagiola triquetra (Rafinesque) = Epioblasma triquetra (Rafinesque)
        Cope (1979)
Plethobasus cicatricosus (Say), WHITE WARTYBACK
            Plethobasus cicatricosus occurs in the Ohio River basin, but not in Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
            It has been reported from Kansas by the synonym below, but the identity of these specimens is unknown.
            Synonyms:
                Pleurobema cicatricosum (Say)
Plethobasus cyphyus (Rafinesque), SHEEPNOSE
           It is questionable whether or not this species occurs in Kansas (see Schuster 1979), although Williams et al. (1993)
           listed Kansas in the distribution of this species. One of the specimens of Scammon (1906), illustrated in Murray and
           Leonard (1962), is Quadrula quadrula (Schuster 1979); the identity of the specimens listed by Branson
           (1966a, 1966c) is unknown. Oesch (1984) showed only one record (pre-1920) from western Missouri.
        Branson (1966a, 1966c) [as P. cypha]
        Cope (1979)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Murray and Leonard (1962) [= Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque)]
        Scammon (1906) [= Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque)]
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
            Synonyms:
                Pleurobema aesopus (Green)
Pleurobema aesopus (Green) = Plethobasus cyphyus (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
Pleurobema cicatricosum (Say) = Plethobasus cicatricosus (Say)
        Scammon (1906)
Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad) = Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Wedel (1959)
Pleurobema coccineum solida (Lea) = Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
        Wedel (1959)
Pleurobema cordatum (Rafinesque), OHIO PIGTOE = misidentified Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
            Pleurobema cordatum occurs in the eastern United States, but not in Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
        Branson (1966a, 1966b)
        DuBois (1981)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
Pleurobema cordatum catillus (Conrad) = Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
        Branson (1966c)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Miller (1970)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
Pleurobema cordatum coccineum (Conrad) = Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
        Branson (1966c)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
Pleurobema cordatum pyramidatum (I. Lea) = probably misidentified Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
        Branson (1966c)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
            Synonyms:
                Quadrula pyramidata (I. Lea)
                Unio pyramidatus I. Lea.
Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque), ROUND PIGTOE
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad)
                Pleurobema coccineum solida (Lea)
                Pleurobema cordatum Rafinesque
                Pleurobema cordatum catillus (Conrad)
                Pleurobema cordatum coccineum (Conrad)
                Pleurobema cordatum pyramidatum (I. Lea)
                Quadrula coccinea (Conrad)
                Quadrula plena (I. Lea)
                Quadrula pyramidata (I. Lea)
                Quadrula solida (I. Lea)
                Unio coccineus Conrad
                Unio plenus I. Lea
                Unio pyramidatus I. Lea
                Unio solidus I. Lea
Pleurobema pyramidatum (I. Lea), PYRAMID PIGTOE
            Pleurobema pyramidatum does not occur in Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
            It has been reported from Kansas by the synonyms given below.
            Specimens from Kansas actually are Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque), ROUND PIGTOE.
            Synonyms:
                Pleurobema cordatum pyramidatum (I. Lea)
                Quadrula pyramidata (I. Lea)
                Unio pyramidatus I. Lea.
Potamilus alatus (Say), PINK HEELSPLITTER
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Dorsey (2000)
        Hoke (2004, 2005)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis alatus (Say)
                Proptera alata (Say)
                Proptera alata megaptera (Rafinesque)
                Unio alatus Say
Potamilus capax (Green), FAT POCKETBOOK
            This species apparently has been misidentified from specimens of Potamilus purpuratus in Kansas.
            See Schuster and DuBois (1979). Potamilus capax occurs in Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma (Williams et al. 1993).
            Synonyms:
                Proptera capax (Green)
Potamilus laevissima (I. Lea) = Potamilus ohiensis (Rafinesque)
        Cope (1983a)
Potamilus ohiensis (Rafinesque), PINK PAPERSHELL
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983b, 1985)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis laevissima (I. Lea)
                Leptodea laevissima (I. Lea)
                Potamilus laevissima (I. Lea)
                Proptera laevissima (I. Lea)
                Unio laevissimus I. Lea
Potamilus purpuratus (Lamarck), BLEUFER
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Hoke (2005)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Miller and Mosher (2008)
        Mosher (2007)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis purpuratus (Lamarck)
                Proptera capax (Green)
                Proptera purpurata (Lamarck)
                Unio ater I. Lea
                Unio purpurata Lamarck
Proptera alata (Say) = Potamilus alatus (Say)
        Branson (1966b)
        DuBois (1981)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
Proptera alata megaptera (Rafinesque) = Potamilus alatus (Say)
        Wedel (1959)
Proptera capax (Green) = probably misidentified Potamilus purpuratus (Lamarck)
            See comments under Potamilus capax.
        Cope (1979)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Wedel (1959)
Proptera laevissima (I. Lea) = Potamilus ohiensis (Rafinesque)
        DuBois (1981)
        Eberle, Ernsting, and Tomelleri (1986)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980)
        Schuster (1978, 1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Wedel (1959)
Proptera purpurata (Lamarck) = Potamilus purpuratus (Lamarck)
        Branson (1966c)
        DuBois (1981)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946) [as Proptera cf purpurata]
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Wedel (1959)
Ptychobranchus clintonensis Simpson = Ptychobranchus occidentalis (Conrad)
        Scammon (1906) [as P. clintonense]
Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque), KIDNEYSHELL = probably misidentified Ptychobranchus occidentalis (Conrad)
            Ptychobranchus fasciolaris occurs in the eastern United States, but not in Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
        Branson (1966a, 1966c)
        Murray and Leonard (1962) [as P. fasciolare]
Ptychobranchus occidentalis (Conrad), OUACHITA KIDNEYSHELL
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1979, 1983a, 1985)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Ptychobranchus clintonensis Simpson
                Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Rafinesque)
                Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth)
                Unio phaseolus Hildreth
Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth) = Ptychobranchus occidentalis (Conrad)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Pyganodon grandis (Say), GIANT FLOATER
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam and Distler (1996)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        Hoke (1997, 2004, 2005)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
           Synonyms:
                Anodonta bealii I. Lea
                Anodonta danielsii I. Lea
                Anodonta decora I. Lea
                Anodonta dejecta Lewis
                Anodonta grandis Say
                Anodonta opaca I. Lea
                Anodonta ovata I. Lea
                Anodonta plana I. Lea
Quadrula asper (I. Lea) = Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906) [as Q. aspera]
Quadrula coccinea (Conrad) = Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
        Baker (1909)
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula cylindrica (Say), RABBITSFOOT
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Cope (1979, 1985)
        Isely (1925)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Mulhern et al. (2002)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Scammon (1906)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
            Synonyms:
                Unio cylindricus Say
Quadrula ebenus (I. Lea) = Fusconaia ebena (I. Lea)
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula fragosa (Conrad), WINGED MAPLELEAF
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Cope (1985:39)
        Hoke (1997, 2004, 2005)
        Scammon (1906)
            Synonyms:
                Unio fragosus Conrad
Quadrula heros (Say) = Megalonaias nervosa (Rafinesque)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula houstonensis (I. Lea) , SMOOTH PIMPLEBACK = possibly misidentified Quadrula pustulosa (I. Lea)
            Quadrula houstonensis occurs only in Texas (Williams et al. 1993).
            Murray and Leonard (1962) assumed the Kansas specimens were misidentified Q. pustulosa.
        Scammon (1906)
            Synonyms:
                Unio houstonensis I. Lea
Quadrula lacrymosa (I. Lea) = Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque)
        Baker (1909) [as Q. lachrymosa]
        Clark and Gillette (1911) [as Q. lachrymosa]
        Isely (1925) [as Q. lachrymosa]
        Scammon (1906) [as Q. lachrymosa]
Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque), MONKEYFACE
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Isely (1925)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Miller and Mosher (2008)
        Mosher (2007)
        Mulhern et al. (2002)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Scammon (1906)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Unio metanevrus (Rafinesque)
Quadrula nobilis (Conrad) = Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque)
        Isely (1925) [also as Tritogonia nobilis (Conrad)]
Quadrula nodulata (Rafinesque), WARTYBACK
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Branson (1966a, 1966c)
        Cope (1979, 1983a, 1985)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Quadrula pustulata (I. Lea)
                Unio pustulatus I. Lea
Quadrula perplicata (Conrad) = Amblema plicata (Say)
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula petrina (Gould), TEXAS PIMPLEBACK
            Quadrula petrina occurs only in Texas (Williams et al. 1993).
            Specimens reported from Kansas are Quadrula pustulosa (I. Lea).
            Synonyms:
                Unio petrinus Gould
Quadrula plena (I. Lea) = Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)?
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula plicata (Say) = Amblema plicata (Say)
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula pustulata (I. Lea) = Quadrula nodulata (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula pustulosa (I. Lea), PIMPLEBACK
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Baker (1909)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Branson (1966a, 1966c)
        Clark and Gillette (1911)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Dorsey (2000)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        DuBois (1981)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Isely (1925)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Scammon (1906)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Quadrula houstonensis (I. Lea)
                Quadrula petrina (Gould)
                Quadrula pustulosa prasina (Conrad)
                Unio dorfeuillianus I. Lea
                Unio houstonensis I. Lea
                Unio petrinus Gould
                Unio pustulosus I. Lea
                Unio schoolcraftii I. Lea
                Unio sphaericus I. Lea
Quadrula pustulosa prasina (Conrad) = Quadrula pustulosa (I. Lea)
        Wedel (1959)
Quadrula pyramidata (I. Lea) = probably misidentified Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
            See comments under Pleurobema pyramidatum (I. Lea), PYRAMID PIGTOE.
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
            Synonyms:
                Pleurobema cordatum pyramidatum (I. Lea)
                Unio pyramidatus I. Lea
Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque), MAPLELEAF
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Branson (1966a, 1966b, 1966c)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1983b, 1985)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        DuBois (1981)
        Eberle, Ernsting, and Tomelleri (1986)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Kivett (1953)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1966, 1970)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Miller and Mosher (2008)
        Mosher (2007)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Plethobasus cyphyus (Rafinesque)
                Quadrula asper (I. Lea)
                Quadrula fragosa (Conrad)
                Quadrula lacrymosa (I. Lea)
                Quadrula nobilis (Conrad)
                Quadrula speciosa (I. Lea)
                Unio asperrimus I. Lea
                Unio fragosus Conrad
                Unio lacrymosus I. Lea
Quadrula rubiginosa (I. Lea) = Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque)
        Baker (1909)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula solida (I. Lea) = Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula speciosa (I. Lea) = Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula trigona (I. Lea) = Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
Quadrula undulata (Barnes) [and subspecies] = Amblema plicata (Say)
        Baker (1909)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Strophitus edentulus (Barnes) = Strophitus undulatus (Say)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Strophitus rugosus (Swainson) = Strophitus undulatus (Say)
        Branson (1966a, 1966b, 1966c)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Miller (1970)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Wedel (1959)
Strophitus undulatus (Say), CREEPER
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam and Distler (1996)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        DuBois (1981)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Anodonta arkansasensis I. Lea
                Anodonta edentula Say
                Strophitus edentulus (Barnes)
                Strophitus rugosus (Swainson)
Symphynota complanata (Barnes) = Lasmigona complanata (Barnes)
        Clark and Gillette (1911)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Symphynota costata (Rafinesque) = Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
Toxolasma parvus (Barnes), LILLIPUT
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983b, 1985)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Carunculina parva (Barnes)
                Lampsilis parvus (Barnes)
                Unio parvus Barnes
Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes) = Tritogonia verrucosa (Rafinesque)
        Clark and Gillette (1911)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
            Synonyms:
                Unio tuberculata (Barnes)
Tritogonia verrucosa (Rafinesque), PISTOLGRIP
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Branson (1966a, 1966b, 1966c)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        DuBois (1981)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Hoke (1997, 2004, 2005)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes)
                Unio tuberculata Barnes
Truncilla donaciformis (I. Lea), FAWNSFOOT
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Branson (1966c)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Dean et al. (2002)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Hoke (1997, 2005)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980)
        Miller (1992)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer (1998)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Sherraden-Chance and Edds (2004)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Plagiola donaciformis (I. Lea)
                Unio donaciformis (I. Lea)
                Unio zigzag I. Lea
Truncilla triquetra Rafinesque = Epioblasma triquetra (Rafinesque)
        Scammon (1906)
Truncilla truncata Rafinesque, DEERTOE
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Bleam et al. (1998)
        Branson (1966c)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Cope (1983a, 1985)
        Hoke (1996, 2004, 2005)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller and Lynott (2006)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Plagiola elegans (I. Lea)
                Unio elegans I. Lea
Unio aberti Conrad = Cyprogenia aberti (Conrad)
        Call (1887)
Unio alatus Say = Potamilus alatus (Say)
        Call (1885b, 1885d, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio anodontoides (I. Lea) = Lampsilis teres (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio asperrimus I. Lea = Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885d, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio ater I. Lea = Potamilus purpuratus (Lamarck)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio camptodon Say = Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1887)
Unio coccineus Conrad = Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio cornutus Barnes = Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque
        Call (1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio cylindricus Say = Quadrula cylindrica (Say)
        Call (1885b, 1885d)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio donaciformis (I. Lea) = Truncilla donaciformis (I. Lea)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio dorfeuillianus I. Lea = Quadrula pustulosa (I. Lea)
        Call (1885b)
Unio ebena I. Lea = Fusconaia ebena (I. Lea)
        Call (1885b, 1885d) [as U. ebenus]
Unio elegans I. Lea = Truncilla truncata Rafinesque
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio ellipsis I. Lea = Obovaria olivaria (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885b)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio fragosus Conrad = Quadrula fragosa (Conrad)
        Call (1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio gibbosus Barnes = Elliptio dilatata (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Isely (1925)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio gracilis Barnes = Leptodea fragilis (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio houstonensis I. Lea = probably misidentified Quadrula pustulosa (I. Lea)
            See comments under Quadrula houstonensis (I. Lea), SMOOTH PIMPLEBACK.
        Call (1885c)
            Synonyms:
                Quadrula houstonensis (I. Lea)
Unio lacrymosus I. Lea = Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887) [as U. lachrymosus]
Unio laevissimus I. Lea = Potamilus ohiensis (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885b, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio ligamentina Lamarck = Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck) or possibly misidentified Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson
            See comments under Actinonaias ligamentina.
        Call (1885, 1885d, 1886, 1887) [as U. ligamentinus]
        Popenoe (1885) [as U. ligamentinus]
Unio luteola Lamarck = Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887) [as U. luteolus]
        Popenoe (1885) [as U. luteolus]
Unio metanevrus (Rafinesque) = Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio multiplicatus I. Lea = Megalonaias nervosa (Rafinesque)
        Call (1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio negatus I. Lea = Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque)
        Call (1887)
Unio occidens I. Lea = Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885c, 1885d, 1887)
Unio parvus Barnes = Toxolasma parvus (Barnes)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio pealii I. Lea = Obovaria olivaria (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1886)
Unio petrinus Gould = possibly misidentified Quadrula pustulosa (I. Lea)
            Quadrula petrina (Gould), TEXAS PIMPLEBACK, occurs only in Texas (Williams et al. 1993).
        Call (1885c, 1885d, 1886)
Unio phaseolus Hildreth = Ptychobranchus occidentalis (Conrad)
        Call (1885c, 1885d, 1886)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio plenus I. Lea = Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)?
        Call (1885d)
Unio plicata Say = Amblema plicata (Say)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887) [as U. plicatus]
Unio popenoi Call = Cyprogenia aberti (Conrad)
        Call (1885a, 1885b, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio powellii I. Lea = Actinonaias ligamentina (Lamarck) or = possibly misidentified Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson
            Lampsilis powelli (I. Lea), ARKANSAS FATMUCKET, occurs only in Arkansas (Williams et al. 1993).
            See comments under Actinonaias ligamentina.
        Call (1887)
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis powelli (I. Lea)
Unio purpurata Lamarck = Potamilus purpuratus (Lamarck)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887) [as U. purpuratus]
Unio pustulatus I. Lea = Quadrula nodulata (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885d, 1886, 1887)
Unio pustulosus I. Lea = Quadrula pustulosa (I. Lea)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio pyramidatus I. Lea = possibly misidentified Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
            Pleurobema pyramidatum (I. Lea), PYRAMID PIGTOE, does not occur in Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
        Call (1885c)
            Synonyms:
                Pleurobema cordatum pyramidatum (I. Lea)
                Quadrula pyramidata (I. Lea)
Unio recta Lamarck = Ligumia recta (Lamarck)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887) [as U. rectus]
        Popenoe (1885) [as U. rectus]
Unio rubiginosa I. Lea = Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887) [as U. rubiginosus]
        Popenoe (1885) [as U. rubiginosus]
Unio satur I. Lea = possibly misidentified Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque)
            Lampsilis satur (I. Lea), SANDBANK POCKETBOOK, does not occur in Kansas (Williams et al. 1993).
        Call (1886) [= Unio occidens]
            Synonyms:
                Lampsilis ventricosa satura (I. Lea)
Unio schoolcraftii I. Lea = Quadrula pustulosa (I. Lea)
        Call (1887)
Unio securis Lea = Ellipsaria lineolata (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885c, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio solidus I. Lea = Pleurobema sintoxia (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885c, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio spatulatus I. Lea = Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Conrad)
        Call (1886)
Unio sphaericus I. Lea = Quadrula pustulosa (I. Lea)
        Call (1886, 1887)
Unio subrostratus Say = Ligumia subrostrata (Say)
        Call (1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio tenuissimus I. Lea = Leptodea leptodon (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885c)
Unio tetralasmus Say [and subspecies] = Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say)
        Baker (1909)
        Isely (1925)
        Scammon (1906)
Unio topekensis I. Lea = Ligumia subrostrata (Say)
        Call (1885b, 1885c) [as U. topekaensis]
        Popenoe (1885) [as U. topekaënsis]
Unio trigonus I. Lea = Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque)
        Call (1886, 1887)
Unio tuberculata Barnes = Tritogonia verrucosa (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887) [as U. tuberculatus]
        Popenoe (1885) [as U. tuberculatus]
            Synonyms:
                Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes)
Unio undulatus Barnes = Amblema plicata (Say)
        Call (1885b, 1885c, 1885d, 1886, 1887)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio ventricosus Barnes = Lampsilis cardium (Rafinesque)
        Call (1885b)
        Popenoe (1885)
Unio zigzag I. Lea = Truncilla donaciformis (I. Lea)
        Call (1885b, 1887)
Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say), PONDHORN
        Angelo et al. (2007, 2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Branson (1966b, 1966c)
        Cope (1985)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Dorsey (2000)
        DuBois (1981)
        Franzen and Leonard (1943)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2004, 2005)
        Leonard and Leonard (1946)
        Leonard (1943)
        Liechti and Huggins (1977)
        Metcalf (1980, 1983)
        Miller (1966, 1970)
        Murray and Leonard (1962)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Schuster (1978, 1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Vanleeuwen and Arruda (2001)
        Wedel (1959)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Unio camptodon Say
                Unio tetralasmus Say
Utterbackia imbecillis Say, PAPER PONDSHELL
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Bergman et al. (2000)
        Bleam and Distler (1996)
        Combes and Edds (2005)
        Distler and Bleam (1995)
        Hoke (1996, 1997, 2005)
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
        Tiemann (2006)
        Wolf and Stark (2008)
            Synonyms:
                Anodonta imbecillis Say
Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Conrad), ELLIPSE
                V. ellipsiformis occurs the Marais des Cygnes drainage of Kansas.
                Specimens from the Spring River basin presently are identified as V. ellipsiformis, but might be a new species.
        Angelo et al. (2009)
        Cope (1985)
            Synonyms:
                Actinonaias ellipsiformis (Conrad)
                Lampsilis ellipsiformis (Conrad)
                Unio spatulatus I. Lea
                Venustaconcha pleasi (Marsh)
                Villosa iris (Lea)
Venustaconcha pleasi (Marsh), BLEEDINGTOOTH
              Venustaconcha pleasi does not occur in Kansas. See Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Conrad).
        Obermeyer et al. (1995)
Villosa arkansasensis (I. Lea), OUACHITA CREEKSHELL
                Villosa arkansasensis occurs only in Arkansas and Oklahoma (Williams et al. 1993).
                Kansas specimens are Strophitus rugosus (Swainson).
            Synonyms:
                Anodonta arkansasensis I. Lea
Villosa iris (Lea), RAINBOWSHELL = possibly misidentified Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Conrad)
                Villosa iris is not known to occur in Kansas.
        Cope (1979)
        Schuster and DuBois (1979)

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