Chemistry 112 Study Guide
Do not forget that there are general objectives listed in the online syllabus also.

Unit 1

  1. Be able to define: atom, boiling point, chemistry, compound, data, element, energy, heat, heterogenous matter, homogenous matter, hypothesis, kinetic energy, law, matter, melting point, mixture, potential energy, pure substance, science, scientific notation, solution, and theory.
  2. Know the difference between physical and chemical properties, and chemical and physical changes.  For example, "a white, powdery substance" describes a physical property; "metal turns dark on exposure to oxygen gas" is a chemical property.
  3. Given a description of an event, be able to determine whether a physical or chemical change has taken place.  For example, "water melts" describes a physical change; "a piece of metal exposed to the elements turns rusty" is a chemical change.
  4. Know the three states of matter and their characteristics. (Solids have a fiixed shape and a fixed volume, but liquids have an indefinite shape and fixed volume.)
  5. Know that a compound is a combination of two or more elements, and the types of formulas used to describe compounds. (Molecular formula, structural formula, and condensed structural formula)
  6. Begin to learn the names, symbols, and a little information about the common elements.

Unit 2

  1. Be able to define: accuracy, density, energy, exact number, fundamental vs. derived measurement, heat, kinetic energy, meniscus, percent error, potential energy, precision, scientific notation, significant figure, temperature, and volume.
  2. Know the difference between mass and weight. (weight is affected by gravity)
  3. Be able to convert between English and metric units using dimensional analysis.
  4. Be able to determine the number of significant figures in a measurement.
  5. Be able to use significant figures accurately in calculations.
  6. Be able to convert to or from scientific notation.
  7. Know metric and SI units of measurement for each of the measurements used in class.
  8. Be able to work with density. (calculate a density, determine how many mL required to get specified number of grams, etc.)
  9. Tell the difference between accuracy and precision, either in words or with a small diagram.
  10. Know the prefixes and mathematical meanings commonly used with measurements.  For example, "M" in Mm stands for 'mega' meaning 1,000,000 or 106.
  11. Be able to calculate the amount of heat energy required to effect a change in temperature and/or state. (Specific heat, heat of fusion and heat of vaporization are constants and will be provided.)  For example:  Calculate the amount of energy required to convert 25.0 g ice at -20.0 °C to water at +20.0 °C.  The specific heat of water is 1.00 cal/g °C, the heat of fusion is 79.6 cal/g and the heat of vaporization is 540.0 cal/g.
Unit 3
  1. Be able to define: actinide, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, atom, atomic number, atomic weight, electron, electron configuration, group, electronegativity, halogen, ionization energy, isotope, lanthanide, Lewis dot structure, mass number, metal, metalloid, neutron, nonmetal, noble gas, nucleus, orbital (s, p, d, f), oxidation state, percent composition, period, proton, transition element, and valence electron.
  2. What are the 3 subatomic particles and their properties? (charge, mass, location in atom)
  3. Diagram in detail an atom. Include the names, locations, properties and numbers of all subatomic particles.
  4. Know what isotopes are and how to determine the number of neutrons in an isotope.
  5. State the periodic law.
  6. Describe the periodic table. Include periods vs. groups, names of groups, metal vs. nonmetal location and properties, properties of groups, why elements are placed where they are.
  7. Describe periodic trends of size, electronegativity, melting point/boiling point and ionization energy.
  8. Be able to predict the electron configuration of any commonly encountered atom or ion.
  9. Be able to predict what oxidation state an atom will develop.
Chapter 4
  1. Be able to define: anion, cation, electronegativity, ion, ionization energy and polyatomic ion
  2. Be able to correctly state the octet rule and be able to use it to explain ions and bonding.
  3. Know two types of bonds (ionic and covalent) and when they form (between what elements: ionic form between metal and nonmetal, covalent between two nonmetals).
  4. Be able to correctly determine the formula unit of an ionic compound.
  5. Be able to name binary ionic compounds and ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions.
  6. Know the formulas and charges of the most common polyatomic ions.  Also be able to look at a table of polyatomic ions and be able to find the less common polyatomic ions.
Chapter 5
  1. Be able to define: coordinate covalent bond, dipole, polar bond and polar molecule
  2. Know that there are exceptions to the octet rule and be able to list several examples.
  3. Be able to name binary covalent molecules.
  4. Be able to correctly draw Lewis dot structures of simple covalent compounds.
  5. Describe the VSEPR theory.
  6. Predict the shape of relatively simple molecules.
  7. Know when a covalent bond will be polar or nonpolar.
  8. Be able to correctly determine if a compound is polar or nonpolar
Chapter 6
  1. Be able to define:  Avagadro's number, endothermic reaction, exothermic reaction, formula weight, heat of reaction, limiting reagent, mole, molar mass, mole ratio (AKA stoichiometry), precipitate, supernate.
  2. Be able to determine the molar mass or formula weight of a compound, given its formula or systematic name.
  3. List some of the things you would look for to determine if a chemical reaction had taken place.
  4. Given a chemical equation, be able to describe the reaction in words, and understand what superscripted and subscripted number mean.
  5. Be able to balance a chemical equation.
  6. Given a chemical equation, determine the limiting reagent.
  7. Given a chemical equation, determine the theoretical yield
  8. Be able to correctly calculate the percent yield of a reaction if given an actual yield.
Chapter 7
  1. Be able to define:  combined gas law, condensation, energy, freezing, heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, ideal gas law, Kelvin, kinetic energy, melting, partial pressure, potential energy, R, specific heat, STP, sublimation, vaporization, vapor pressure, and work.
  2. Be able to explain the postulates of the KMT.
  3. Explain how the KMT explains the properties of solids, liquids, and gasses.
  4. Understand the differences between solids, liquids, and gasses at the molecular level..
  5. Know and be able to explain the 3 forces of interaction between molecules.  Be able to use this information to predict which substance should have the higher melting point, for example.
  6. Given a temperature-energy diagram, be able to identify features such as melting point, where heat of fusion fits in, etc. Also, be able to estimate whether the forces holding molecules together are strong or weak.
  7. Be able to perform calculations using the combined gas law
  8. Be able to perform calculations using the ideal gas law
  9. Be able to perform calculations using Dalton's law of partial pressures.
Chapter 8
  1. Be able to define:  colligative properties, colloid, dialysis, equivalent weight, electrolyte, molarity, normality, percent solution, ppm, solubility, solute, solution, solvent, surface tension, suspension, and Tyndall effect.
  2. Be able to discuss the properties of water that make it so important.
  3. Be able to perform calculations to determine the concentration of a solution using various units (molarity, normality, percent solution (both w/v and v/v) and ppm.
  4. Know the colligative properties and be able to use them to explain antifreeze, etc.
  5. Predict the solubility of molecules.
  6. Know the effect of temperature and pressure on solubility.
  7. Predict whether a molecule is an electrolyte.
Chapter 9
  1. Be able to define: activation energy, catalyst, endothermic, equilibrium, equilibrium constant (Keq), exothermic, LeChatlier's principle, oxidation, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, redox, and reduction.
  2. Be able to determine the oxidation state of free atoms, ions, or atoms in a compound.
  3. Be able to list and explain factors that influence the rate of reaction.
Chapter 10
  1. Be able to define:  amphiprotic, Arrhenius acid, Arrhenius base, Bronsted-Lowry acid, Bronsted-Lowry base, buffer, conjugate acid, conjugate base, dissociate, net ionic equation salt, spectator ion, and total ionic equation.
  2. Be able to name acids and bases, given a formula; and alternatively be able to give the formula, given a name.
  3. Given an acid-base reaction, be able to identify the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base.
  4. Know in general terms how to get a Keq (you will not have to calculate one)
  5. Know where a Ka or Kb comes from.
  6. Be able to list the properties of acids and bases.
  7. Be able to calculate the pH of buffered and unbuffered solutions.
  8. Be able to describe the importance of buffers, and the requirements of a buffer.
  9. Given a Ka or Kb, predict whether the acid or base is strong or weak.
  10. Tell whether a solution is acidic or basic.
  11. Predict the products of an acid-base reaction, both in terms of total and net ionic equations.
  12. Given experimental data, be able to calculate the molarity or normality
  13. Predict whether a molecule will be a good buffer at a given pH.
  14. Be able to calculate the equivalent weight of acids and bases.
  15. Be able to calculate the concentration of an acid or base as determined by titration.

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