This exam covers overview of metabolism, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC/ox phos, ß-oxidation and gluconeogenesis.  The following objectives are not to be considered all-inclusive, but they should give you a very good guide through the material.

Chapter 8,9
Be able to distinguish between circular, linear and spiral pathways, as well as convergent and divergent pathways.
Be able to discribe the number of processes that are encompassed by the term metabolism.
Be able to discuss some of the ways of learning about metabolism.
Chapter 10
Be able to write out the glycolytic pathway in it's entirety (name and structure of all metabolites, name of enzyme and required cofactors and coenzymes).
Be able to point out the regulatory sites of glycolysis as well as the regulatory molecules.
Know the three possible fates of pyruvate.
Know or be able to figure out the net gain of energy depending on the fate of pyruvate.
Be able to write the net reaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase as well as list the hidden coenzymes (no need to know the mechanism).
Chapter 11
Be able to write the net reaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase as well as list the hidden coenzymes (no need to know the mechanism).
Be able to write out the pathway in it's entirety (name and structure of all metabolites, name of enzyme and required cofactors and coenzymes).
Be able to point out the regulatory sites as well as the regulatory molecules.
Know the energy-rich molecules produced and how many ATP equivalents each is worth (12 total ATP equivalent produced in one turn of the cycle).
Know that the glyoxylate cycle in used by plant to convert fat to carbohydrate (don't need to know the reactions involved).
Chapter 12
Be able to diagram the electron transport chain by sites.
Be able to tell where reducing equivalents feed into the sites.
Have some idea of the molecules present in each site.
Be able to list one inhibitor of each site.
Be able to describe the action of ATP synthase.
Be able to discuss the chemiosmotic coupling of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
Know that the primary means of regulation is the availability of ADP.
Chapter 10
Be able to describe futile cycling and discuss when and why it would be beneficial.
Be able to show each bypass of the irreversible steps of glycolysis (name and structure of all metabolites, name of enzyme and required cofactors and coenzymes).
Be able to tell how each of the bypass enzymes are controlled to prevent futile cycling.
Be able to diagram glycogen synthesis and breakdown.

2. List sequentially the enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, beginning with pyruvate as the substrate. (10 points)

3. Schematically diagram the electron transport chain, indicating the major molecules, enzymes of each site and where ATP are produced. (10 points)

4. "Metabolism" is a general term. List the activities which comprise this term. (5 points)

5. Using a tabular format, compare and contrast fatty acid anabolism and catabolism with respect to products and reactants, cofactors, location, differing intermediates and how reactions are carried out. (10 points)

6. What is the net energy yield (ATP equivalents) from a triglyceride molecule composed of one palmitic, one stearic and one oleic acid molecule. Ignore the energy contribution from glycerol. (10 points)

7. Demonstrate the conversion of palmitic acid to stearic acid by outlining the molecules involved, and enzymes and coenzymes involved in their interconversion. (10 points)

Part B. Multiple Choice (3 points each). Circle the letter of the most correct answer.
1. Hexokinase
    a. is not regulated
    b. is regulated by NADH
    c. is regulated by glucose-6-phosphate
    d. is regulated by ATP

2. An amphibolic pathway
    a. is involved in anabolism
    b. is involved in both anabolism and catabolism
    c. is involved in catabolism
    d. is involved in neither anabolism or catabolism

3. The energy yield of glycolysis aerobically
    a. is 8 ATP
    b. is 6 ATP
    c. is 2 ATP
    d. is 2 ATP more than anaerobically

4. The chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis
    a. says that two protons cause the synthesis of and ATP
    b. says that mitochondria must be intact.
    c. has a great deal of experimental evidence to back it up
    d. a and b
    e. b and c
    f. all of the above

5. ß-oxidation
    a. requires carnitine
    b. requires NADP⁺
    c. requires FAD
    d. requires ATP
    e. a and c
    f. all but b
    g. all but d

6. Phosphofructokinase
    a. is the rate limiting step of glycolysis
    b. is inhibited by ATP
    c. is activated by NAD⁺
    d. all of the above

7. The rate limiting step of the Krebs cycle is
    a. a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
    b. succinate thiokinase
    c. citrate synthase
    d. fumarase

8. The Krebs cycle
    a. occurs in the cytoplasm
    b. occurs in the mitochondria
    c. occurs in endoplasmic reticulum
    d. all of the above

9. One of the products of ß-oxidation of odd-chain-length fatty acids is
    a. FADH₂
    b. succinyl CoA
    c. propionyl CoA
    d. a and b
    e. b and c
    f. a and c

10. Fatty acid elongation occurs
    a. in mitochondria
    b. in the endoplasmic reticulum
    c. in the cytoplasm
    d. in the intermembrane space of mitochondria