General Instructions. Read each question carefully. Show your setup for all calculation problems so I can give partial credit if necessary. Include units of measurement on all answers. If you need a calculator, pencil, eraser, more paper, etc., ask.

Part A. Definitions (2 pt each)
1. Carbohydrate-

2. ____________________________ is a saturated fatty acid containing 16 carbons.

3. Lipid-

4. ____________________________ is an arachidonic-acid-derived compound having a five-membered ring.

5. Nucleoside-

6. ________________________ is a nucleic acid composed of A, C, T and G in a phosphodiester linkage.

7. alpha-anomer-

8. mRNA-

9. ____________________________ is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose in a ß 1 4 linkage.

10. ____________________________ is the nucleotide-sugar used as a second messenger in response to epinephrine (adrenaline).

Part B. Structures
1. Draw the structure of a phospholipid composed of ethanolamine, palmitic acid and arachidonic acid. (6 points)

2. Draw the structure of the general form of a wax. (4 points)

3. Draw the structure of sphingosine and cholesterol. (4 points)

4. Identify the following molecules. (4 points)

CH₃

CH₂=C-CH=CH₂

5. Draw the Haworth projections of alpha-L-fucose, ß-D-ribose, alpha-D-galactose and ß-D-N-Acetylglucosamine. (10 points)

6. Draw the structure of O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl(1 4)-D-glucopyranose. (4 points)

7. Name the following molecule. (4 points)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Part C. Applications of Concepts

8. Given the following molecule, indicate how it could be altered to have a higher melting point. (2 points) O

CH₂-O-C-CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH=CH CH₂ CH=CH CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃

| O

CH-O-C-CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃

| O

CH₂-O-C-CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₃
 

9. If the following proposed structure is correct, what products should be detected by gas-chromatography-mass spectroscopy following methylation and acid hydrolysis? (14 points)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

10. What would the products be if the structure you drew in question one is cleaved by phospholipase C? (4 points)

11. Briefly compare and contrast the types of transport discussed in class. (10 points)

12. Convert the following monosaccharide into the Fischer projection and categorize it. (5 points)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

13. Compare and contrast glycogen, chitin and cellulose. (5 points)

14. Summarize the similarities and differences between rRNA and B-DNA. (5 points)

15. Given the following nucleotide structures, indicate the hydrogen bonds which form in DNA. (5 points)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

16. Indicate the structures of the products if the following triacylglycerol is saponified. (4 points)

O

CH₂-O-C-(CH₂)₁₄CH₃

| O

CH-O-C-(CH₂)₅CH=CH(CH₂)₇CH₃

| O

CH₂-O-C-(CH₂)₁₆CH₃